Blood groups explained

The ideas and opinions expressed in this blog do not necessarily reflect my views, I am just sharing what is out there for your information only. I will make it clear when I make a comment about something I don't agree with. Readers are encouraged to do their own research on the topic if this interests you.


The most important blood groups in transfusion are the ABO blood group system and the RhD blood group system.
Blood groups are determined by a protein (antigen) on the surface of the red cell. So, the ABO system has A and B antigens and the RhD system has the D antigen.
In all, there are 30 major blood group systems. This means a person may be A RhD positive, and at the same time Kell (Kell system) positive, M and N (MNS system) positive and Lea and Leb (Lewis system) positive.

85% of people have the D antigen on their red blood cells and are RhD positive.
The remaining 15% lack the D antigen and are RhD negative.
Your blood group is defined by your ABO group together with your RhD group. For instance, someone who is group B and RhD negative is known as B-

Blood type

The Rh (Rhesus) blood group system (including the Rh factor) is one of thirty current human blood group systems. Clinically, it is the most important blood group system after ABO. At present, the Rh blood group system consists of 50 defined blood-group antigens, among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. The commonly used terms Rh factor, Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only. Besides its role in blood transfusion, the Rh blood group system —specifically, the D antigen— is used to determine the risk of haemolytic disease of the newborn (or erythroblastosis fetalis).

Blood groups

Rh factor 

An individual either has, or does not have, the "Rhesus factor" on the surface of their red blood cells. This term strictly refers only to the most immunogenic D antigen of the Rh blood group system, or the Rh- blood group system. The status is usually indicated by Rh positive (Rh+ does have the D antigen) or Rh negative (Rh- does not have the D antigen) suffix to the ABO blood type. However, other antigens of this blood group system are also clinically relevant. 

The Rhesus system is named after the Rhesus monkey, following experiments by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener, which showed that rabbits, when immunised with Rhesus monkey red cells, produce an antibody that also agglutinates the red blood cells of many humans.

How the ABO blood groups evolved is not known. We can be pretty certain that blood group A came before O in evolution, yet O is more common than A in many populations of the world. One possible explanation for this, which is supported by substantial evidence, is that group O people are marginally more resistant malaria than group A people, giving group O a slight advantage in area where malaria is endemic. In fact, there is a geographical trend for group O to be more common than A in those countries where malaria is common. 



Distribution of blood groups

 A recent abstract from a U.S. Blood Journal can be found here:  http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/94/12/3986.full?sid=4abbf238-e624-4610-85e4-f9a4730ed3f6

Also in the February issue of Nature Genetics, Ballif and his colleagues report on their discovery of two proteins on red blood cells responsible for these lesser-known blood types.

Ballif identified the two molecules as specialized transport proteins named ABCB6 and ABCG2

http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-02/there-are-way-more-blood-types-you-think

Probabilities of Rh negative vs Rh positive babies depending on the father's blood type. 
The mother is Rh - in all three instances:

The fact that there are more chances that the children result in Rhesus positive, the Rh negative being 15% throughout the world makes sense.


There are areas in the world where there is a higher concentration of Rhesus negative because they have always remained confined to the same area with more chances of having negatives as a result.





There is a misconception in my opinion concerning the Basque nation. They are mostly documented as having a very high concentration of Rhesus negatives but I have found other areas throughout world where the concentration is as high.

Right on the border of France and Spain, in an area known as Euskal Herria or Basque Country, lives a group of over two million people whose unknown origins have shrouded them in a cloud of mystery. Though the area is not recognized by the rest of the world as having any type of political sovereignty, it is still often referred to as the Basque “Nation”.
In his book The Origins of the British, Stephen Oppenheimer uses DNA analysis to present genetic arguments linking British ancestry to that of the Basques, but even this evidence only goes back so far. Other studies have suggested that there is a direct line connecting the Basque people with the original hunter-gatherers of Europe. The Basque language is still considered a language isolate in that it has no connections with any other living language.

The Basque people of Spain and France have a high percentage of Rh negative blood. About 30% have (rr) Rh negative and about 60% carry one (r) negative gene. The average among most people is only 157%-Rh negative, while some groups have very little. The Oriental Jews of Israel, also have a high percent Rh negative, although most other Oriental people have only about 1% Rh negative. The Samaritans and the Black Cochin Jew also have a high percentage of Rh negative blood, although again the Rh negative blood is rare among most black people.

Could the Basque people be one of these colonies? Or could it have been the original colony on Earth? The origin of the Basques is unknown. Their language is unlike any other European language. Some believe that Basque was the original language of the book of Genesis. Some believe it was the original language of the world and possibly of the creator. 

The researches of R. Frank, a scholar at the University of Iowa, suggest that the Basques were far-advanced in navigational skills and other aspects of technology long before the rise of the Roman Empire. The Basques, she believes, are the last remnants of the megalith builders, who left behind dolmens, standing stones, and other rock structures all across Europe and perhaps even in eastern North America.

Two facts set the Basque peoples apart from the other Europeans who have dominated the continent the past 3,000 years: (1) The Basque language is distinctly different; and (2) The Basques have the highest recorded level of Rh-negative blood (roughly twice that of most Europeans), as well as substantially lower levels of Type B blood and a higher incidence of Type O blood.



After researching in different languages and in different countries, I found that the Basques are not unique!


There is indeed a high percentage of Rhesus negatives in the Basque area, however it is not the highest in the world and there are areas where less documentation exists but which also a high concentration of Rhesus negatives in the population is found: 

Morocco, Ethiopia, Iraq and maybe more as data is collected and updated.

Morocco

Ethiopia

Iraq

I tried to piece together these different regions just in case they were connected in the remote past but even when there was only one continent (pangea), these areas were not just one land. 

As seen on the animation here:

Pangea animation

No one knows where the Rh negative humans came from. Most, familiar with blood factors, admit that these people must at least be a mutation if not descendants of a different ancestor. If we are a mutation, what caused the mutation? Why does it continue with the exact characteristics? Why does it so violently reject the Rh factor, if it was in their own ancestry? Who was this ancestor? Difficulties in determining ethnology are largely overcome by the use of blood group data, for they are a single gene characteristic and not affected by the environment. 

Some people will have issues either talking about this topic or admitting that the evolution theory lacks some explanation concerning the Rhesus negative people, they need scientific proof and empirical to back up the hypothesis.

In the study of genetics, we find that we can only inherit what our ancestors had, except in the case of mutation. We can have any of numerous combinations of traits inherited from all our ancestors. Nothing more and nothing less. Therefore, if man and ape evolved from a common ancestor, their blood would have evolved the same way. Blood factors are transmitted with much more exactitude than any other characteristic. It would seem that modern man and rhesus monkey may have had a common ancestor sometime in the ancient past. All other earthly primates also have this Rh factor. But this leaves out the people who are Rh negative. If all mankind evolved from the same ancestor their blood would be compatible. Where did the Rh negatives come from? If they are not the descendants of prehistoric man, could they be the descendants of the ancient astronauts? 

Animal Kingdom and Blood Types

The Rhesus positive also prevails in the animal kingdom as I found out during my research.




Blood types

Blood types (or groups) are determined by specific antigens found on the surface of erythrocytes. In humans, there is the ABO system of blood types, whereas animals have a variety of different blood types. Knowledge of blood types in the different species is important as transfusion of incompatible blood (the donor animal has a different blood type from the recipient animal) can result in severe haemolytic transfusion reactions and even death, in some instances. 

There are two types of antibodies to blood group antigens; naturally occurring antibodies and antibodies acquired after exposure to the blood group antigen. Naturally occurring antibodies occur in most species and vary in their pathological significance, i.e. some will not produce a transfusion reaction. Acquired antibodies are produced after exposure to an incompatible blood type, which is from exposure to blood or products containing erythrocytes or their antigens. The most common route of exposure is from previous blood transfusions, however there are less obvious sources of exposure, such as vaccinations that contain foreign red blood cell antigens. Antibodies that are pathogenic (i.e. induce a haemolytic reaction) can cause agglutination and/or haemolysis of red cells.

Blood typing (for the most common blood groups) is offered by a few specialised veterinary diagnostic laboratories (e.g. the Comparative Coagulation Laboratory at Cornell University, the Equine Blood Testing Laboratory in Kentucky, the Stormont Laboratory in California). Ideally, any animal that is routinely used as a blood donor should be blood typed for the most common antigens that produce a haemolytic reaction and (ideally) should be negative for these antigens. Blood type compatibility (or incompatibility) is determined in the laboratory using crossmatching procedures. Since administration of typed negative blood will not prevent a transfusion reaction to less well-characterised red cell antigens, crossmatching should always be performed in an individual that has been previously exposed to blood group antigens.

Other species, not just humans, use + and - when considering blood types and transfusion.

When a dog's blood is tested, they are looking for something called "Dog Erythrocyte Antigens" or DEA. They then go further to test whether a dog is dea 1.1 positive, which would make that dog a universal recipient like a human with AB+ blood (they are universal recipients), vs a DEA 1.1- dog who are universal donors (like O- humans). Just like in humans, giving + blood to a - patient can be deadly, so you tell whomever that this is true.





The prevalence of blood group type DEA1 in canines found in the Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science.

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1413-95961999000100004&script=sci_arttext

Other animals have blood factors similar to the human Rh blood factor, so some of the individuals of these species would be Rh negative. Also, other animals do not have an Rh factor in their blood, so the entire species would be Rh negative. 

For other animals please check here:

Canine, Feline, Equine and other blood types

Rh-Negatives are RARE

There are many authors who wrote about RH negative blood and their theories are too numerous to list here. 

It has been said that a question is not asked until the answer is known. 

There are about 5,000 known blood factors and all of these must contribute to the complete picture. But the Rh negative blood is the place to start our search since nowadays it is rare.

Many have an issue with the evolution theory when it comes to explaining that humans came from monkeys. 

When we say we are biologically related to Chimpanzees and Rhesus Macaque, we don’t mean we came directly from them. While it is true we do share a large amount of our DNA with both species, we are a completely different species which diverged off from another organism, what is known as a common ancestor. This is a pre-Holocene Ape, long since extinct, that was the direct ancestor of all the apes we see today.


If it were the case that we descended from modern day Rhesus Macaques then there would be an issue. But we diverged from the same ancestor many millions of years ago. During that divergence different pressures of natural selection would have been present on us in comparison to other species. It’s therefore feasible to suggest that while Rhesus Macaque species lost the need, or rather the genes, for Rhesus Negative blood types, we in comparison either had a need to keep this type of blood group, or we simply didn’t detrimentally suffer from having it and it therefore became a benign mutation that caused no harm.


Believe it or not many people with Rhesus negative blood type share common traits. hence teh popular belief that they are a different race altogether.

TRAITS found in Rhesus negatives: 

There are certain similarities that occur to those having RH negative blood - according to some who have it there are common patterns found, which include the following:

~ Predominance of green or hazel eyes that change color, also blue eyes 

~ Reddish hair , brown 

~ Lower than normal Body Temperature 

~ Low blood pressure 

~ keen sight or hearing 

~ ESP 

~ extra rib or vertebrae 

~ UFO connections 

~ love of space and science 

~ a sense of not belonging to the human race 

~ piercing eyes 

~ para-normal occurrences 

~ psychic dreams 

~ truth seekers 

~ desire for higher wisdom 

~ empathetic illnesses 

~ deep compassion for fate of mankind 

~ a sense of a 'mission' in  life 

~ psychic abilities 

~ unexplained scars on body 

~ capability to disrupt electrical appliances 

~ alien contacts (Many Starseeds are RH negative)

I was brought up as a christian even though I am not a religious person nowadays.



Gregg Prescott in his website mentions a connection with the Bible. "Blood is mentioned more often than any other word in the Bible, except God. These two words you will find on almost every page, blood and God! (The blood of the Gods?) This message has been written for thousands of years. There is a connection between the blood and the Gods. 

The American Indians had the tradition of making good friends, "blood brothers", if they thought they were worthy. Could this tradition have been for a reason? Could they have actually been checking to see if they were blood brothers (the same type blood)? The clumping (aggulation) that occurs when Rh positive and Rh negative blood are mixed is visible to the naked eye. Could they have been told, by their ancestors, that their blood was different from that of the rest of mankind except for their brothers and sisters, from other tribes, scattered throughout the earth. Indian tradition declares that their ancestors were of cosmic origin. The Indian totem pole is actually a family genealogy.

Why all this preoccupation with genealogy among different people scattered throughout the earth? No other animal on earth has this preoccupation with ancestry. Where did this tradition come from? People scattered throughout the earth, who have had no-known contact with each other all simultaneously got the urge to chart their family tree. Why? How important could this have been to primitive cave men? Struggling to survive, to chart their genealogy? They had no understanding of modern genetics and inheritance. So why should they preserve their genealogy? Were they told, by the ancient astronauts, to preserve their heritage, until a future date when they would return and it would be understood? Until a time, like now, when their descendent would be able to understand the message they were leaving.

Although they probably didn't realize the importance of preserving their genealogy, they were told that future generations would understand. Are we that future generation? Was there a message left for us to understand? Do we have the courage to look for the answer?

Do we really want to know or would we rather keep our heads buried in the sand? What we don't know will still affect us. You will not see unless you look. Only through knowledge will we find truth."

I have searched, in vain, for scientific proof that the Rh negative blood was a natural earthly occurrence. Instead I have found proof that the Rh negative had not evolved on Earth in the natural course of events. 

I am currently researching blood types in the animal kingdom. All animals and other living creatures known to man can breed with any other of their species. Relative size and colour makes no difference. 

Why does infant's haemolytic disease occur in humans if all humans are the same species? Haemolytic disease occurs when an Rh negative mother is carrying a Rh positive child. Her blood builds up antibodies to destroy an foreign substance (the same way it would a virus), thereby destroying the infant. Why would a mother's body reject her own offspring? Nowhere else in nature does this occur naturally. However this does occur in mules - a cross between a horse and donkey. This fact alone points to the distinct possibility of a cross-breeding between two similar but genetically different species.

Gregg Prescott goes on to say:

"For many years people have been searching for the wrong thing. Could the true "missing link" actually be man himself? The unknown link between earth and the stars - hybrid man. Man may be the missing link between primate and extraterrestrial. It seems inconceivable to me that those working on the evolution theory have overlooked this possibility. How can they state, that these people are lacking a factor contained in all other earthly primates, including the naked ape, and not ask why? What other characteristics are common among these people that are uncommon to other people? Is there a real difference other than just a different blood?

The Rh negative blood, which appears not to have originated on earth, may prove to be a major factor in proving mankind is a hybrid. It is not the whole answer but it is a key for unlocking the genetic puzzle of our heritage. Tissue factors will also prove to be quite revealing. Scientists are now able to determine the tissue factors of 5000 year old mummies. Could some of these mummies have been the ancient astronauts? Why were these mummies preserved well enough for us to analyze their blood and tissue factors? Could there be a message in the genetic factors of the mummies themselves?

There is an interesting fact found in the book "X-Raying the Pharaohs" by James Harris and Kent Weeks, 1973 (Scribners). Upon x-raying the tomb of Makare, high priestess of Ammon, it was found that the infant buried with her labeled Prince Moutenihet was actually a female hamadryas baboon. An examination of Makare showed she had given birth shortly before dying. Could she have given birth to the baboon found with her? Why else would it have been buried with her? A genetic throwback?"

My research has shown that the majority of those with psychic powers also have Rh negative blood. Most psychic and faith healers also have this blood. Strangely enough, many of those doing research into the ancient astronaut theory and other phenomena also have Rh negative blood. "